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[0]=> %PDF-1.7 % endstream E-nose devices have several limitations restricting their adoption as a diagnostic tool including signal drift, susceptibility to humidity, moderate sensitivity, complex data processing, and high purchase cost. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV, or drones') and low-altitude aircraft are well established to be capable of disease detection and monitoring, though reliable differentiation and diagnosis remains challenging [2832]. surveillance cctv creativecontrast Every report is taken seriously and handled confidentially. tremex fuscicornis woodwasp broadleaf bool(false) string(12) "events__date" Miniature GCMS adapts the same detection mechanism as laboratory instruments: examples include the ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) [54], the ion-trap MS (TMS) [55] and the differential mobility spectrometer (DMS). string(10) "meta_value" int(6) Simplicity for the end user is greatest in a fully automated system, such as platforms which combines an aerial spore trap with periodic automated DNA-based testing for fungal crop diseases in a standalone instrument. A significant benefit of the technologies described in this review is that they all provide an opportunity to move diagnostics away from centralised reference laboratories, providing data directly to end users either in the field or in remote or less well-equipped laboratories. array(0) { <>stream ) AND wp_posts.post_type = 'events' AND (wp_posts.post_status = 'publish' OR wp_posts.post_status = 'acf-disabled') GROUP BY wp_posts.ID ORDER BY wp_postmeta.meta_value ASC LIMIT 0, 6" string(0) "" A miniature GC-DMS device was developed for rapid differentiation of VOCs from healthy and Phytophthora ramorum-infected rhododendron plants [56] and a fully automated light-weight GC device was demonstrated to distinguish healthy and aphid-infested milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) with >90% accuracy [57]. 50 0 obj ["is_singular"]=> int(0) The use of easy to use, low-cost field diagnostics is already possible. bool(true) string(0) "" Plant pests and diseases impact both food security and natural ecosystems, and the impact has been accelerated in recent years due to several confounding factors. ["order"]=> ["is_preview"]=> ["compare"]=> string(1) "=" Automation will be crucial in building effective surveillance systems to provide early warning of the presence of a pest. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants have recently emerged as noninvasive diagnostic markers for the detection of pathogens and pests [4852]. Adoption will depend on improved engagement with end users and economic data on the benefits of increased use of the knowledge provided by surveillance systems in farming and biosecurity. The technologies represented are (A) remote sensing; (B) smartphone-based detection; (C) plant VOCs detection; (D) LFA detection of proteins, (E) targeted and automated DNA detection and (F) High-throughput sequencing technologies. As a result, it is crucial that field inspectors, farmers and other users of the technology are prepared to deal with the results and make rapid decisions effectively. 2017-06-30T23:42:55-07:00 ["hour"]=> array(1) { <> array(5) { In situations where species or strain level information is required, the smartphone app could identify the best samples to test using high specificity LFA or DNA technologies, reducing the number of samples to be analysed and potentially providing a triage of which additional tests should be used. ["is_posts_page"]=> array(0) { Climate change, global trade (including internet sales) of plants and plant parts, movement of people, and changes to agricultural systems are major drivers for plant disease emergence [59]. ["compare"]=> } [0]=> ["paged"]=> 7 0 obj bool(false) Other technologies such as the PlantVillage Nuru app include interpretation of data through to the point of recommending actions. string(3) "ASC" In recent years, an array of emerging technologies are propelling plant science in new directions and allowing for the integration of data across multiple scales. [1]=> The wick pad acts as bin, prevents backflow of excess reagents, and maintains capillary flow. ["update_post_meta_cache"]=> ["nopaging"]=> 15 0 obj Integration of technologies and combining data from different platforms is paramount to create an overall surveillance system. The globalisation of trade has moved pests out of natural ranges, creating damaging epidemics in new regions. ["storage":"ArrayObject":private]=> Tony Martin, and Peter Whittle. ["relation"]=> bool(false) Deploying multiple technologies to create an overall surveillance system is also likely to be an important future trend (Figure 6), since no single technology can provide all the solutions to achieve effective disease surveillance outcomes. Developments in technology, particularly methods based on molecular biology, have improved our ability to detect and identify pests and pathogens [15] and diagnose the causal agents of disease [1618]. string(4) "DATE" Despite this long-established proof of concept, plant disease remote sensing has remained underdeveloped in comparison with other types of agricultural sensing, such as water usage and monitoring nutrient deficiency. X. fastidiosa is a significant threat to agricultural ecosystems, resulting in dramatic changes to landscapes and cultures [9]. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. ["sentence"]=> By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Access content during the Covid-19 pandemic, Detection of the disease using smartphone image analysis, Pathogen detection using field-portable VOCs sensors, Protein diagnostic platform: lateral flow assay (LFA), Potential of synthetic biology for self-reporting, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0533-y, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120207, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2007020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-008-9089-y, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02690.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1570-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9037-0, https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669509500707, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.001405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(93)90001-Y, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-015-9421-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.10.003, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-19-0297-R, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111480, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0189-7, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-19-0294-R, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-017-0233-z, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0319-RE, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0475-z, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1141.ch006, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3_13, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02612.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00600-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2008.06.022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12127-018-0240-4, https://doi.org/10.1108/02602280410525977, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.5.419, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02355.x, https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20171101019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0476-y, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00226, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112360, https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7030051, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0450-8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16896-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9284-3, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.11.6702-6710.2005, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.7.2853-2858.2000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.035, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082704, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3706-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112592, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0488-RE, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0684-y, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0685-x, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0908-8_1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.010, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00347, Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), Exploring protein symmetry at the RCSB Protein Data Bank, Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of stress, Spatial patterns in ecological systems: from microbial colonies to landscapes, Terms & Conditions for single-article or journal-issue online purchases. } string(0) "" In the laboratory, methods most commonly use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a target-specific sequence. Surveillance activities provide benefits to agricultural industries, the community and the environment. Most HTS platforms produce short DNA fragments, but the ONT and Pacific Biosciences platforms sequence much larger fragments of DNA, allowing analysis of genotypes present in mixed populations. ["is_feed"]=> and N.B. Furthermore, combining data on pests (presence, abundance, strain, resistance genotype, etc. } Antibodies that detect specific proteins or molecular markers are imprinted on the membranes. Innovations in technology are providing a great array of tools to enable surveillance in support of biosecurity and control of endemic pests. } } Engineered gene circuits can place complex technology in the hands of nonexpert operators and produce simple, informative outputs that can enable rapid, informed decisions [95] (Figure 5A). Integration of different technologies to support plant biosecurity and surveillance. ["is_admin"]=> ["relation"]=> The accuracy of LFAs depends on the specificity and efficacy of antibodies. ["posts_per_page"]=> Plant pests and pathogens cause significant economic losses and pose a significant constraint to agricultural productivity. safetech alarm systems Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial plant pathogen prevalent across the United States, was first reported in Europe in 2013 in olive trees in Italy [11]. ["primary_id_column"]=> 49 0 obj endobj 51 0 obj ["is_page"]=> ["preview"]=> 19 0 obj ["queryIterator":protected]=> <> ["tax_query"]=> ["alias"]=> int(0) } int(6) string(6) "events" array(8) { ["relation"]=> ["current_comment"]=> string(15) "parse_tax_query" The integration of wearable sensors on leaves or stems of plants (Figure 2B), holds great promise for real-time and wireless monitoring of plant health [68,69], including continuous monitoring of plant VOCs [70]. Harnessing these interactions in a self-reporting system would create a sensor that reports only in the presence of the pest, without on-going consumables costs while the pest is absent. ["suppress_filters"]=> [47] and Ramcharan et al. string(0) "" Sensors that are triggered only upon the presence of the pathogen would be hugely beneficial for these scenarios. } ["meta_value"]=> string(2) "ID" ["key"]=> array(0) { string(0) "" and Technologies in Plant Biosecurity endobj int(0) string(2) "50" ) endobj ["no_found_rows"]=> ["tb"]=> sample, conjugation, test and wick/adsorbent pad) on a plastic adhesive backing card. With United Nations figures estimating that the world population is expected to reach almost 10 billion people in 2050 [1], there will be growing demand for food delivered through increased production, changes in dietary preferences and improved distribution [2]. int(0) ["posts"]=> ["year"]=> ["key"]=> <> The co-creation process should seek to determine whether capital and/or running costs could form an insurmountable barrier to adoption for the intended end users. ["key"]=> bool(true) endobj ["meta_key"]=> ["meta_table"]=> (B) A carbon nanotube-graphite-based wearable sensor transferred onto the surface of a live leaf [70]. } } ["tag_slug__in"]=> array(2) { endobj } ["clauses":protected]=> string(0) "" <> ["table_aliases":protected]=> string(0) "" bool(false) ["query_vars_hash":"WP_Query":private]=> ["posts_per_page"]=> Direct field measurement of plant biogenic VOCs allows a more accurate assessment of VOC fluxes emitted under natural conditions, and several approaches have been explored in recent years. ["meta_query"]=> bool(false) The ability to sequence all the nucleic acids in a sample allows a non-targeted approach to be taken, asking the question what is present in this sample?' The low capital costs of the MinION and the low cost of mini flowcells offers a potential application of this technology in low resource laboratories allowing them to access the genomics revolution without the massive capital outlay of more traditional genome sequencers. Some methods require the purchase of capital equipment (e.g. United Nations. endobj ["post__not_in"]=> Although the data may not be sufficiently specific to identify individual pests, it can be used to direct the attention of growers or inspectors to the stressed plants for further analysis. (A) Synthetic gene circuits can be designed to produce different outputs in response to a range of biotic and abiotic targets. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 93 0 R/Type/Page>> bool(false) Early detection is critical to achieve effective control, both from a biosecurity as well as an endemic pest perspective. The use of automation and wireless data transfer should improve the uptake of the technologies, though it will also likely create a trade-off, where reduced time input necessitates greater capital expenditure associated with automated systems. } } The technical challenges of each technology have been extensively reviewed previously (for example, [8,19,20]); here we will address deployment of technologies for different detection scenarios and discuss future research and development directions that could accelerate adoption and assist surveillance and the prediction and prevention of future plant disease outbreaks. } Finally, there are approaches that have both capital and on-going consumable costs (e.g. } array(0) { A digital agronomy system that combines results from LFAs and other tests to deliver an interpretation of results and recommended actions would improve early diagnosis of problems and help with farmer adoption of new technologies. Recent developments involving the Flongle (flowcell adapter) (Figure 4) allow the MinION to use low-cost (< $100) mini flowcells, bringing the potential for use in diagnostic testing in situations where other HTS platforms are impractical or too expensive. ["primary_table"]=> bool(false) ["type"]=> bool(false) bool(false) Most of these methods have been used to test small samples of plant tissue with symptoms of disease with relatively low throughput, to confirm the presence of a specific pest. string(0) "" Leaf Doctor [43] is a system for performing quantitative assessments of plant diseases; Pestoz (Creotix, India) diagnoses diseases from images of vegetable and crop plants with a primary focus on India; Plantix (PEAT GmbH, Germany) is a system for diagnosis of diseases, pest damage and nutrient deficiencies on crops; PlantVillage Nuru [44,45] (Figure 1) is a system for diagnosing viral diseases of cassava and damage caused by FAWs on maize; and Tumaini (International Center for Tropical AgricultureCIAT, Colombia) [46] is a system for identifying diseases affecting banana plants. array(2) { bool(true) <>stream string(6) "events" ( mt1.meta_key = 'events__date' AND CAST(mt1.meta_value AS DATE) >= '2022-07-30 00:00:00' ) ["value"]=> string(2) ">=" string(3) "AND" int(1799) ["pagination":protected]=> array(2) { ["tag_id"]=> bool(false) ["subpost"]=> ["is_robots"]=> Integration of technologies and combining data from different platforms to achieve an overall aim, rather than using them sequentially or in tandem, may also be desirable. ["is_month"]=> object(Timber\QueryIterator)#11390 (2) { ["is_home"]=> PCR-based methods have been integrated into microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices which miniaturise amplification and detection. ), with information on actions taken by end users (for example, the spray programme used) and subsequent outcomes (i.e. ["post_count"]=> string(2) ">=" However, no single technology can be used for all pests in all scenarios. ["max_num_comment_pages"]=> ["title"]=> This opens the possibility of developing materials with surveillance capabilities that can have a continuous presence in the field. string(571) "SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_posts.ID FROM wp_posts INNER JOIN wp_postmeta ON ( wp_posts.ID = wp_postmeta.post_id ) INNER JOIN wp_postmeta AS mt1 ON ( wp_posts.ID = mt1.post_id ) WHERE 1=1 AND wp_posts.ID NOT IN (1799,736) AND ( ["table_aliases":protected]=> ["author"]=> string(4) "CHAR" <> G.S. ["_query":"Timber\QueryIterator":private]=> ["category__and"]=> ["feed"]=> Appligent pdfHarmony 2.0 Management of calls varies in different areas, but to the same end. string(0) "" ["second"]=> All the technologies discussed have the potential to enhance the detection of pests and demonstrate a great potential to support plant biosecurity and surveillance. string(3) "ASC" ["key"]=> ["meta_id_column"]=> bool(false) int(0) L?,:|H|dI52ZDIO6K9*h7^$Mk,iCJ! <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 65 0 R/Type/Page>> Detection methods which target a pathogen's nucleic acid are able to target a particular species with very high specificity and have the potential to be extremely sensitive [19,79]. Automation will be crucial in building effective surveillance systems to provide early warning of the presence of a pest. endobj

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